Network knowledge
Network Guides
Understand IP addresses, VPNs, DNS, routing and network diagnostics through clear, technically reviewed guides.
Featured guide
What Is a VPN Leak?
Understand IP, DNS, IPv6 and WebRTC leaks and how to test a VPN correctly.
Read the guidePublished guides
VPN & Privacy
- What Is a VPN Leak? Understand IP, DNS, IPv6 and WebRTC leaks and how to test a VPN correctly.
- What Is a DNS Leak? How DNS requests can bypass a VPN, why resolver identity is not the route, and how to test correctly.
- What Is a WebRTC Leak? How ICE candidates expose network addresses, why candidate type is not a verdict, and how to test correctly.
- What Is an IPv6 Leak? How IPv6 bypasses a VPN on a dual-stack host, why an IPv6 address is not a verdict, and how to check the route.
IP Addresses
- Why Is My IP Address Showing the Wrong Location? How ISP address pools, CGNAT, mobile networks, VPNs and geolocation databases decide the city an IP maps to.
- IP Geolocation How IP geolocation is built, why databases disagree, how to read an accuracy radius, and what a public IP can really reveal.
- What Is an IP Address? IPv4, IPv6, public vs private, NAT and CGNAT, routing, and what your IP actually reveals.
- IP Lookup Explained How to read prefix, ASN, BGP, RPKI, RDAP, reverse DNS and geolocation as separate evidence layers.
- Public vs Private IP Address What makes an address public or private, how NAT and CGNAT connect them, and why neither one means what people assume.
- Static vs Dynamic IP Address What keeps an address stable, what can make it change, and how that interacts with DHCP, CGNAT, DDNS and IPv6.
Subnetting & Routing
- IPv6 Subnetting Tools: Calculate, Split and Plan IPv6 Prefixes Calculate prefix sizes, split child prefixes, check overlap and summarize routes for an IPv6 address plan.
- IPv4 Subnetting Guide: CIDR, Subnet Masks, Hosts & Worked Examples CIDR, subnet masks, host counts, VLSM, overlap detection and route summarization, with worked examples.
- CIDR Notation Explained: Prefix Lengths, Subnet Masks & IP Ranges Prefix lengths, subnet masks, address ranges, network boundaries, and the /31 and /32 edge cases, with worked examples.
- Subnet Mask Cheat Sheet: CIDR, Hosts & IPv4 Quick Reference The complete /0 through /32 IPv4 subnet mask chart, with wildcard masks, block sizes, and worked boundary examples.
- How Many Hosts Are in a Subnet? IPv4 Host Count by CIDR IPv4 host counts by CIDR prefix, usable-host formulas, /31 and /32 exceptions, and sizing a prefix from a host requirement.
What these guides cover
VPN & Privacy
VPN leaks, kill switches, split tunnelling and how privacy tests actually work.
IP Addresses
Public and private addressing, IPv4 vs IPv6, CGNAT, ASNs and what an IP can reveal.
DNS & Internet
Resolvers, reverse DNS, PTR records and encrypted DNS over HTTPS and TLS.
Subnetting & Routing
Subnet masks, CIDR, VLSM, route summarisation and prefix edge cases.
More guides across these areas are being written and technically reviewed before publication.
Test what a guide explains
- VPN Leak Test Compare HTTP, IPv4/IPv6, WebRTC and DNS paths for a conservative multi-signal result. →
- DNS Leak Test See which DNS resolvers answered a query made from your browser. →
- WebRTC Leak Test Check for a public address exposed through WebRTC / ICE. →
- IP Lookup Registration, BGP routing, origin ASN, reverse DNS and RPKI for any address. →
Every guide is reviewed against the same evidence standards used across IPRevealed.
How our results are produced